Reduction of Oil and Gas Coning Effects by Production Cycling and Horizontal Wells

Abstract

This article investigates by simulation, coning mitigation during oil production from thin oil rim reservoirs using horizontal wells and production cycling. Production cycling is an operating technique in which the well is produced and then shut in for periods of time. During the shut-in periods, the cone reduces. This work suggests that production cycling delays water breakthrough. However, once breakthrough occurs, the well must be put on continuous production due to difficulties in unloading the wellbore and with the assistance of gas lift.     

Moisture sorption isotherms of two varieties of millet

Moisture sorption isotherms of EX-BORNO and SOSAT C88 millets at temperature range of 30–70 °C and water activity range of 0.07–0.98 were determined using the static gravimetric method. The sorption isotherms of both millet varieties decreased with increasing temperature, exhibited type II behaviour according to BET classification and hysteresis having loop size increasing with increasing temperature. This is as a result of the hard nature of the millet varieties. The moisture sorption and the data fitted well with Modified Henderson, Modified Halsey, Modified Oswin and Modified GAB models. The constants of the equations used in fitting were determined by non-linear regression analysis when the models were compared using the standard error of estimate, mean relative percent deviation, fraction explained variation and residual plots. The Modified Oswin model gave the best fit for the whole set of data. The study has provided information and data useful in large scale drying and processing of millet which have remained at the traditional level despite the importance of the drought resistance crop in poverty alleviation.     

Exchange Interactions at the Interface FMIAFM Nanocomposite Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis

This paper presents a study of the relationship between the magnetic properties and microstructure of nanocomposite Ni/MnO, Ni/CoO, Co/MnO, Co/CoO. The objective is to understand how the coupling interface FM/AFM （ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic） manifests itself in magnetic response of these materials to an applied field. Sample preparation was performed using mechanochemical synthesis by means of a ball mill planetary type high power at normal atmosphere. The characterization was done by XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscopy） and VSM （vibrating sample magnetometry）. Analyzing the XRD peaks of the samples studied, there was a decrease in the average particle diameter with increasing milling time, which is important in the magnetic interactions of the atoms of the surface. In addition, the diffraction pattern showed formation of new phases by oxidation interfering with the magnetic measurements. Analyses by SEM show chipboard multiform nano- and micrometer-sized grains on the surface of the clusters being responsible for the interaction. The magnetic measurements show a strong coupling between the phases present in nanocomposites showing once again that the MS （mechanosynthesis） is a powerful technique for this kind of purpose. The effect of the decrease in crystallite size leads to large variations of magnetic properties of the material which have been specifically observed changes in HC （coercive field） in the RM （remanent magnetization） and SM （saturation magnetization）. The decrease in crystallite size in the course of grinding intensifies the effects that depend on the surface-to-volume ratio of the material. M vs. T measures were taken for different values of applied field and found a jump in the moment of the sample near the N6el temperature of the antiferromagnetic.     

Improvement in D-E Hysteresis Curve Squareness of PZT Thin Films—Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure in High-Pressure Post-Annealing

A high-pressure annealing was applied to a post-annealing process for sol-gel derived PZT thin films. The squareness of D-E hysteresis curves changes depending on both total pressure and oxygen concentration. Moreover, the change follows the product of the total pressure and the oxygen concentration, which correspond to oxygen partial pressure P_O2. Where the P_O2 is higher than 0.03 MPa, few of the squareness of the hysteresis curve are excellent. The squareness of the hysteresis curves dramatically improve as the P_O2 decreases. Where the P_O2 is lower than 0.01 MPa, the squareness deteriorates slightly. These changes in the D-E hysteresis curves are thought to be explained by the generation of lead and oxygen vacancies as a function of the P_O2.     

Microsphere tensiometry to measure advancing and receding contact angles on individual particles

In this paper, a method to measure the advancing and receding contact angles on individual colloidal spheres is described. For this purpose, the microspheres were attached to atomic force microscope cantilevers. Then the distance to which the microsphere jumps into its equilibrium position at the air-liquid interface of a drop or an air bubble was measured. From these distances the contact angles were calculated. To test the method, experiments were done with silanized silica spheres (4.1 μm in diameter). From the experiments with drops, an advancing contact angle of 101 ± 4° was determined. A receding contact angle of 101 ± 2° was calculated from the jump-in distance into a bubble. Both experimental techniques gave the same contact angle. In contrast, on similarly prepared planar silica surfaces, a clear hysteresis was measured with the sessile drop method; contact angles of 104.5 ± 1° and 93.8 ± 1° were determined for the advancing and receding contact angles, respectively.     

Switch-controllable dual-hysteresis mode bistable multivibrator employing single differential voltage current conveyor

This paper introduces a simple switch-controllable bistable multivibrator with dual hysteresis modes. The proposed configuration comprises a single differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC) as a main active building block with two external resistors. Both clockwise and counter-clockwise hysteresis operations can be performed using the same topology. The upper and lower threshold voltages of the bistable multivibrator can be adjusted using external passive elements. The operation of the circuit is described in detail with a discussion of the non-ideal effects and other considerations in the design of the proposed circuit. To demonstrate the feasibility of the circuit, researchers built a prototype using commercially available ICs and discrete components. Simulation results and experimental records are presented to confirm the theoretical analysis.     

基于ANSYS的CFRP加固钢筋混凝土柱的轴压比分析

轴压比是影响钢筋混凝土柱结构受力性能的重要因素,本文主要研究了这种因素对钢筋混凝土柱以及CFRP加固后钢筋混凝土柱的力学性能的影响.通过用ANSYS有限元分析软件模拟低周反复位移加载,分析在不同轴压比条件下试件的力学性能.通过研究,本文建议在地震区钢筋混凝土柱的轴压比不大于0.6,这样就可以保证在钢筋混凝土柱的极限承载力得到一定程度提高的同时,其延性不会降低太多;在使用CFRP“围束条带两层＋纵向条带两层＋末端两层锚固”的方式加固后,其力学性能得到了不同程度的改善,轴压比的增大虽然使柱的变形能力减弱,但柱的水平承载力得到了显著提高,并进一步激发了纤维布对混凝土的约束作用,提高了纤维布的加固效果.     

露出型钢柱脚抗剪承载力的试验研究

为了确定露出型低位锚栓钢柱脚的抗剪承载力,对该类型柱脚分两种构造形式进行试验研究,一种用于研究锚栓的抗剪性能,另一种用于研究抗剪键的抗剪性能。通过试验研究和理论分析,得出柱脚抗剪P-δ滞回曲线,提出露出型低位锚栓钢柱脚在不同构造时整体抗剪承载力计算公式,并对GB 50017-2003《钢结构设计规范》中关于钢柱脚设置抗剪键方面的规定提出修改建议。     

解决纯滞后系统问题的一种简单方法

把特制的磁性研磨头安装到卧式铣床的主轴上， 就可以进行磁性研磨，介绍研磨机床的结构及加工 原理，计算磁路及电磁线圈的技术参数。     

循环荷载下胶凝砂砾石材料的滞后及阻尼效应

为探求胶凝砂砾石(CSG)材料在动荷载下的力学特性,通过大型动三轴仪进行了等幅循环加载试验,分析了CSG材料的非线性滞后特性和阻尼比的演化规律.结果表明:加卸载过程中阻尼效应的差异引起了应力-应变曲线的不同步,在加载阶段,应变相位可能超前于或滞后于应力相位,两者相位差与循环次数有关;卸载阶段的应变相位始终滞后于应力相位;整个循环过程始终存在残余变形,从而使滞回环表现为下部不闭合的新月形;随着循环次数的增加,应变相位滞后于应力相位的程度和残余变形均呈大—小—大的趋势.基于新月形滞回环不闭合的特点,根据能量原理讨论了阻尼比的计算方法和演化规律,发现阻尼比的大小取决于残余变形和滞回环面积的大小,演化曲线呈U形.